ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES IN THE DESIGN OF ENTRANCE GROUPS FOR USERS WITH LIMITED MOBILITY

Abstract

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to define the ergonomic principles for designing entrance areas for people with reduced mobility, aimed at ensuring comfortable, safe, and logically organized movement when entering buildings. The research examines optimal anthropometric parameters, structural solutions, and organizational principles for creating accessible spaces in accordance with national (DBN V.2.2-40:2018, DSTU ISO 21542:2021) and international standards (ISO 21542, EN 17210, ADA Standards). The study seeks to develop generalized design recommendations for architects and designers in forming inclusive entrance zones that provide comfortable movement for users with different levels of mobility. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is a comprehensive ergonomic analysis combining several approaches: – a normative-comparative method, used to analyze Ukrainian and international accessibility standards; – an anthropometric approach, summarizing physiological and motor characteristics of users with limited mobility; – system analysis, treating the entrance area as an integrated functional system; – field observations and case studies, including analysis of implemented projects in Ukraine and across Europe. The research also relies on the principles of universal design, which ensure equal access and comfort for all population groups. The obtained results correspond to the theoretical foundations of architectural ergonomics, engineering psychology, and design for people with special needs. Results. The study confirmed that the quality of entrance area organization significantly affects the comfort, safety, and independence of users with reduced mobility. A comparison of Ukrainian and international standards revealed that although the basic requirements for accessibility are generally consistent, their practical implementation often fails to meet real anthropometric needs. Most design solutions follow minimum normative parameters rather than ergonomic comfort criteria. User convenience is determined primarily by the logic of movement – the sequence of actions from approach to entry. When this continuity is disrupted, physical and psychological barriers arise. Therefore, the entrance zone should provide a seamless, intuitive movement route without unnecessary level changes or complex maneuvers. Visual and tactile factors play a crucial role: material contrast, non-slip surfaces, proper lighting, and tactile markings enhance orientation and safety. The combination of technical and aesthetic solutions produces a space that is not only functional but also architecturally expressive. The main outcome of the research is the development of the concept of ergonomic continuity – a principle whereby the user’s movement through the entrance zone occurs naturally, without barriers and with a sense of safety. This approach unites physical accessibility, logical spatial structure, and psychological comfort, forming the basis of truly inclusive architectural environments. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty lies in the systematization of ergonomic principles for designing entrance areas, considering anthropometric characteristics and behavioral models of users with reduced mobility. For the first time, an integrated design model is proposed, combining normative requirements, universal design principles, and field observation data. This model allows for the adaptation of solutions to various building types – from public to residential – taking into account spatial context, user flow intensity, and climatic factors. Practical relevance. The practical significance of the study lies in the applicability of the proposed recommendations to architectural and interior design practice, particularly in the reconstruction of existing facilities and the creation of new inclusive buildings. The suggested parameters can be used in the development of national building codes, educational programs on architectural ergonomics, and in the design of public, educational, medical, and cultural spaces. Implementation of these approaches will contribute to the formation of a barrier- free environment that ensures independence, comfort, and equal opportunities for all users.