PERSPECTIVES OF USING MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI FOR INCREASING THE RESISTANCE OF GREEN PLANTINGS IN URBANIZED AREAS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/2415-8151.2023.27.25Keywords:
arbuscular mycorrhiza, ectomycorrhiza, green spaces, urban environment, mycorrhization of plants in urban areasAbstract
Purpose. This article aims to review the current knowledge on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing the resistance of green spaces to anthropogenic stress and exploring their potential for use in urban greening. Woody plants are known for their ability to grow and develop in the harsh conditions of urban environments due to their adaptive capabilities, species specificity, and root system structure. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a crucial factor in the formation and stability of woody plant root systems, improving their growth and viability while also protecting them from toxic compounds. Fungal hyphae interact with root cells to form a mutually beneficial biotrophic association, where plants provide their mycopartner with a source of carbon and energy in the form of carbohydrates, and mycorrhizal fungi increase the absorption area of the root system and transport water and dissolved mineral nutrients from the soil solution to the plant. However, urban environments present several stressful factors that can lead to a decrease or change in the composition of mycorrhizal symbionts compared to natural ecosystems. Despite the active study of mycorrhizae in urban areas, there is still a lack of understanding of the nature of the reaction of fungal partners of plants to various technogenic pollution and features of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Therefore, there is a need for additional in-depth studies of the mycorrhizal status of urban green spaces to expand knowledge about the relationship between specific plant growth conditions and the amount and diversity of mycorrhizae. One potential solution is the introduction of artificial fungal inoculum as a biofertilizer with the appropriate species composition of symbionts to improve the stability and endurance of plants used in urban landscaping. By promoting mycorrhizal symbiosis, urban greening projects can improve the quality of life of city residents, enhance the urban environment’s ecological functions, and contribute to biodiversity conservation.
References
Bainard, L., Klironomos, J. & Gordon, M.A. (2011). The mycorrhizal status and colonization of 26 tree species growing in urban and rural environments. Mycorrhiza, 21 (2), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-010-0314-6 [in English].
Bothe, H., Turnau, K. & Regvar, M. (2010). The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in protecting endangered plants and habitats. Mycorrhiza, 20 (7), 445-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-010-0332-4 [in English].
Brundrett, M.C. & Tedersoo, L. (2018). Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal symbioses and global host plant diversity. New Phytologist, 220, 1108–1115. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14976 [in English].
Chilvers, G.A., Lapeyrie, F.F. & Horan, D.P. (1987). Ectomycorrhizal vs endomycorrhizal fungi within the same root system. New Phytologist, 107, 441–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00195.x [in English].
Facelli, E., Smith, S.E. & Smith, F.A. (2009). Mycorrhizal symbiosis – overview and new insights into roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in agro- and natural ecosystems. Australasian Plant Pathology, 38, 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1071/AP09033 [in English].
Feijen, Frida A.A., Vos, Rutger A., Nuytinck Jorinde, Merckx, Vincent S.F.T. (2018). Evolutionary dynamics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in land plant diversification. Scientific Reports, 8, 1–7. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-28920-x [in English].
Fini, A., Frangi, P., Amoroso, G., Piatti R., Faoro M., Bellasio C., Ferrini F. (2011). Effect of controlled inoculation with specific mycorrhizal fungi from the urban environment on growth and physiology of containerized shade tree species growing under different water regimes. Mycorrhiza, 21 (8), 703–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0370-6 [in English].
Gardes, M. & Bruns T.D. (1993). ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology, 2, 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993. tb00005.x [in English].
Kernaghan, G. (2005). Mycorrhizal diversity: cause and effect (2005). Pedobiologia, 49, 511–520. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.05.007 [in English].
Lang, C., Seven, J. & Polle, A. (2011). Host preferences and differential contributions of deciduous tree species shape mycorrhizal species richness in a mixed Central European forest. Mycorrhiza, 21, 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-010-0338-y [in English].
Newbound, M., Mccarthy, M.A. & Lebel, T. (2010). Fungi and the urban environment: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 96, 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.04.005 [in English].
Pouyat, R.V., Parmelee, R.W. & Carreiro, M.M. (1994). Environmental effects on forest soil invertebrate and fungal densities in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient. Pedobiologia, 38, 385–399 [in English].
Smith, S.E. & Read, D.J. (2008). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (3’rd ed.). Academic Press, London [in English].
Tedersoo, L., May, T.W. & Smith, M.E. (2010). Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza, 20, 217–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x [in English].
Timonen, S. & Kauppinen, P. (2008). Mycorrhizal colonization patterns of Tilia trees in street, nursery and forest habitats in southern Finland. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 7 (4), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2008.08.001[in English].
Tyburska, J., Frymark-Szymkowiak, A., Kulczyk-Skrzeszewska, M., Kieliszewska-Rokick, B. (2013). Mycorrhizal status of forest trees grown in urban and rural environments in Poland. Ecological Questions, 18, 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecoq-2013-0005 [in English].
Wang, B. & Qiu, Y. L. (2006). Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants, 16, 299–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0033-6 [in English].
