Avant-garde modernism in the sacred architecture of Central Europe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18372/2415-8151.25.16777Keywords:
formation, sacred space, sacred architecture, tradition, architectural modernism, symbol, artAbstract
Iconic temples of the 20th century were analyzed. — the churches of Volker Hienke (Church of Eigen, 1990–1992, Ennstal, Austria), Josef Gochar (Church of St. Wenceslas, 1926–1927, Prague) and Aladar Arkaj (Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, 1932–1933, Budapest), which are mentioned together as examples of avant-garde modernist sacred architecture of Central Europe.
The anthroposophical theory of architecture is presented, which assumed that the world and man are permeated by various types of spiritual forces, which can be strengthened or weakened thanks to the forms of objects of the visible world. The understanding of the harmony of forms in shaping the sacred space is represented, as well as the use of their anti-individualistic potential for the revival of social and religious communities.
The architecture of sacred buildings built according to the principle of classical architecture is considered. It has been determined that the forms created by Volker Hienke, Josef Gochar and Aladar Arkai do not belong to any of the “languages” of architectural expression that have been created so far.
A look at the mysterious nature of connecting people in society is presented — close to the types of ties that bind religious communities, as well as the concept of architecture as a bridge between heaven and earth, which also changed the approach to the building as an exclusively material object.
The forms of the sacred building and the way of organizing the interiors were analyzed, which made it possible to conclude that the ideas of reviving the unity of the surrounding landscape, the tendency to use local materials (primarily stone), but also a more general, philosophical attitude, which allows considering architecture as an element that connects the forces of the cosmos with human life, which unites believers of different faiths.
The considered use of the metaphorical language of architecture is based on the world of visual human products and their iconographic distinctive features. The need to take into account the relationship between certain forms and the messages transmitted through them in shaping the sacred space has been revealed.
An attempt to adapt the principles of modernism to the needs of shaping the sacred space is also presented. It was found that the problems of the formation of a new style arose as a result of changes in the architecture itself, and difficulties in determining its characteristic features — as a result of changes in historiography. The trends in the shaping of the sacred space in the 20th century were revealed.
References
Fabrizio Brentini, Bauen für Kirche. Katholischer Kirchenbau des 20. Jahrhun - derts in der Schweiz, Edition SSL [Schweizerische St. Lukasgesselschaft], Luzern 1994.
Fabrizio Brentini, Vom neuen Grundriss zum Gesamtkunstwerk. Kirchenbau in der Schweiz nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, [w:] St ock 2003, s. 182–191.
Hermann Baur, Fritz Metzger, Kirchenbauten, Echter, Würzburg 1956.
Inge Linder-Gaillard, The Aestetics of Contemporary French Catholic Churches: Fortresses of Resistance?, [w:] Aesthetics аs a religious factor in Eastern and Western Christianity, red. Wil van den Bercken, Jonathan Sutton, „Eastern Christian studies” 6, Peeters, Leuven 2005, s. 225–239.
Ferdinand Pfammatter, Betonkirchen, Benziger Verlag, Einsiedeln–Zürich– Köln 1948.
Jacek Purchla (red.), Wolf Tegethoff (red.), Naród, styl, modernizm. Materiały międzynarodowej konferencji pod patronatem Comité international d’histoire de l’art (CIHA), zorganizowanej przez Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte w Monachium oraz Międzynarodowe Centrum Kultury w Krakowie (6–12 września 2003 roku), Kraków, Monachium 2006.
Colin Rowe, Neo„Classicism” and Modern Architecture II, [w:] Colin Rowe, Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and other Essays, The MIT Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 1982, s. 119–138.
Gnatiuk L. AESTHETICS SHAPING SACRED SPACE/ Gnatiuk L., Terletska M. // Theory and practice of design. Collection of scientific papers. – Issue 11. Technical aesthetics. – К.: NAY, 2017. – C. 42–56. DOI: 10.18372/2415-8151.11.11874
Gnatiuk L. Optical Illusions in Sacral Space // Defining the Architectural Space. The Truth and Lie of Architecture: XIX International conference. – Cracow University of Technology. – Cracow, 2020. P. 7-19. DOI: 10.23817/2020.defarch.4-1 ISBN 978-83-7977-533-0
Гнатюк Л. Роль мистецтва та символу у формуванні сакрального простору. Сучасні проблеми архітектури та містобудування. Науково-технічний збірник. – Вип. 58. – К.: КНУБА, 2020. – C. 32–47. DOI: 10.32 347/2077-3455.2020.58.32-47
Edwin Heathcote, Iona Spens, Church builders, Academy Editions, London––Chichester 2001. s. 25–101.
Liliia Gnatiuk, Metal and iron construction in sacral space shaping / L. Gnatiuk, H. Novik, M. Melnyk // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. - 2020. - V. 953(1). - P. 10 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/953/1/012078 ISSN: 1757-8981
. Joseph M. Siry, Frank Lloyd Wright’s Annie M. Pfeiffer Chapel for Florida Southern College: Modernist Theology and Regional Architecture, „Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians”, 63, 4, 2004, s. 498–539
Randall S. Lindstron, Creativity and contradiction. European churches since. 1970, American Institute of Architects Press, Washington D.C. 1988.
Steven J. Schloeder, Architecture in Communion. Implementing the Second Vatican Council through Liturgy and Architecture, Ignatius Press, San Francisco 1998.
William Durandus (Gulielmus Durantis, Guillaume Durand), The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments: T.W. Green, Leeds 1843. reprint: New York 1973.
Wolfgang Jean Stock, Europäischer Kirchenbau 1950–2000, Prestel, München–Berlin–London–New York 2003.
Гнатюк Л.Р. Протиріччя у формуванні художнього образу сакрального простору в архітектурі ХХ століття. Сучасні проблеми архітектури та містобудування. Науково-технічний збірник. –Вип. 56. – К.: КНУБА, 2020. –C. 17–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2020.56.17-31
Гнатюк Л.Р. Традиції трансформації готичних форм в сакральній архітектурі кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ століття. Сучасні проблеми архітектури та містобудування. Науково-технічний збірник. – Вип. 57. – К.: КНУБА, 2020. –C. 26–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2020.57.26-42
Гнатюк Л.Р. Створення духовної атмосфери сакрального простору. Сучасні проблеми архітектури та містобудування. Науково-технічний збірник. – К.: КНУБА, 2021. – Вип. 59. – C. 16–27. DOI: 10.32347/2077-3455.2021.59
