VARIABLE RADIUS HELIX POTENTIOMETER: PRACTICAL ISSUES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18372/2310-5461.56.17127Keywords:
potentiometer, non-linear taper, helix, transducer, actuatorAbstract
Recently a new approach to constructing potentiometers with non-linear taper was proposed. Its main idea is to reach a non-linear dependence of output voltage on rotation angle using a helical resistive element with variable radius of the helix and cross-section. As it has been shown before, problem of calculation of such potentiometer has a solution for all continually differentiable tapers, but the usefulness of this construction is still unknown. In the current paper we review historical and modern types of potentiometers, including non-linear ones; materials for manufacturing such pots; possible tapers for this type of construction; potential applications. In section 1 potentiometer constructions and materials are analyzed. Most suitable constructions for implementation of variable-radius-helix approach are chosen. A generic way for manufacturing mandrel and resistive element using modern machining tools with computer numeric control. In section 2 tapers for potentiometers with several predefined mandrel shapes are calculated. A comparison between appropriate taper bounds for VRH potentiometer and a conventional multi-turn with variable wirewound pitch is carried out. In section 3 different fields of potentiometer applications are reviewed, including usage of potentiometer in new works on robotics. VHR potentiometer is proposed for use in a manual control system for vehicle cab heating controllinstead of a potentiometer with piecewise-linear taper. In section 4 conclusions are made on perspectives of this type of potentiometer, its pros and cons. Main tasks for further research are outlined.
References
GarrettJ.D. (1979) Survey of Displacement Transducers below 50 mm. Journal of Physics E Scientific Instruments, 12(7), 563–573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/12/7/002.
Iskenderian T. (1994) Lessons Learned from Selecting and Testing Spaceflight Potentiometers. Proceedings of the 28th Aerospace Mechanical Symposium, Ohio, 339–358.
Kumar A. S. A., George B., Mukhopadhyay S. C. (2021) Technologies and Applications of Angle Sensors: A Review. IEEE Sensors Journal,
(6), 7195–7206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN. 2020.3045461.
Poplawski Jaroslaw S., Ibrahim A. Sultan. (2007) Position Sensing of Industrial Robots – A Survey. Information Technology Journal, 6, 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2007.14.25.
Kolachalama Srikanth, Lakshmanan Sridhar. (2020) Continuum Robots for Manipulation Applications: A Survey. Journal of Robotics, 2020, 19 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/ 4187048.
Saudabayev A., Varol H. A. (2015) Sensors for Robotic Hands: A Survey of State of the Art. IEEE Access, 3, 1765–1782, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2482543.
Kim Y., Choi H. Y., Lee Y. C. (2014) Design and Preliminary Evaluation of High-Temperature Position Sensors for Aerospace Applications. IEEE Sensors Journal, 14(11), 4018–4025, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2014.2332237.
Kim Y., Choi H. Y. (2016) A Geometric Design Study of High-Temperature Position Sensors. IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(19), 7065–7072, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2587686.
Putiatin R. O., Dunayeva T. A. (2021) Equation of Non-linear Tapered Multi-turn Potentiometer. Proceedings of XXII International scientific and applied conference AS IHP “Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics”, Kyiv, 17–18 November 2021, 153–155. (in Ukrainian).
Putiatin R. O., Dunaeva T. A. (2022) Existence and Uniqueness Theorems for Helical Equation. Science and technology today. “Technology” Series.8, 20-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52058/2786-6025-2022-8(8)-20-28.
Podlesnyi N. I., Rubanov V. G. (1991) Elements of Automatic Control and Measurement Systems: Textbook. High school, Kyiv, 461 pages. (in Russian)
Alan S. Morris. (2001) Measurement and Instrumentation Principles. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Chetvertkov I. I., Korosko N. M. (1978) Potentiometers. Soviet radio, Moscow, 64 pages. (in Russian).
Belevtsev A. T. Potentiometers. (1968) Mechanical Engineering, Moscow, 328 pages.
Todd, Carl David. (1975) The Potentiometer Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
P10L Long Life Potentiometer – 500 000 Cycles Miniature – Cermet – Fully Sealed | Vishay: Electronic Resource.Access mode: https://www.vishay.com/ docs/51057/p10l.pdf(last accessed: 07.10.2022).
Rotary Potentiometers | Taiwan Alpha: Electronic Resource. Access mode: http://www.taiwanalpha.com/ en/products/4 (last accessed: 12.11.2022).
Potentiometer M series | NIDEC COPAL ELECTRONICS GmbH: Electronic Resource. Access mode: https://www.nidec-copal-electronics.com/ eu/product/detail/00000049/# (last accessed: 12.11.2022).
Andrew Wayne Kelly Nicholas Edward Bollweg (2001). Non-linear Potentiometer Heater Control. U.S. Patent No. 6,254,011.
SunLED Distributor | DigiKey Electronics: Electronic resource. Access mode: https://www.digikey.com/en/supplier-centers/ sunled (last accessed: 07.10.2022).
Frygin V. M. (1961) To the Issue of Constructing Non-linear Potentiometers. Automatics and telemechanics, XXII: Electronic Resource. Access mode: http://www.mathnet.ru/links/ d3e088ef25cf3538e211fb7fbe5486e7/at12232.pdf (last accessed: 08.10.2022).
Konyukhov, N. E., Plyut, A. A. (1973) An Adjustable Functional Photopotentiometer. Measurement Techniques, 16, 1713–1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00814599
Granino A. Korn.(1950)Design and Construction of Universal Function Generating Potentiometers. Review of Scientific Instruments, 21(77). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1745427.
Morton P. Matthew (1955). Variable Function Film Voltage Divider. U.S. Patent No. 2, 785, 260.
Gradshtein I. S., Ryzhyk I. M. (1963) Tables of Integrals, Sums, Series and Products.Physmathlit, Moscow, 1100 pages.
Lukiniuk M. V. (2012) Measurement and Control in Processes of Chemical Technology. Book 1. Methods and Devices for Automatic Measurement in Processes of Chemical Industry. Textbook for Students of Specialty “Chemical Technology and Engineering”. NTUU “KPI”, Kyiv, 336 pages.
Lotti F., Tiezzi P., Vassura G., Biagiotti L., Palli G., Melchiorri C. (2005) Development of UB Hand 3: Early Results. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 4488–4493, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ ROBOT.2005.1570811.
Butterfass J., Grebenstein M., Liu H., Hirzinger G. (2001) DLR-Hand II: Next Generation of a Dexterous Robot Hand. Proceedings 2001 ICRA. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.01CH37164), 1, 109–114, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2001.932538.
Yamano I., Maeno T. (2005) Five-fingered Robot Hand using Ultrasonic Motors and Elastic Elements. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2673–2678, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ ROBOT.2005.1570517.
Liu H., Wu K., Meusel P., Seitz N., Hirzinger G., Jin M., Liu Y., Fan S., Lan T., Chen Z. (2008) Multisensory Five-finger Dexterous Hand: The DLR/HIT Hand II. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 3692–3697.
Iwata H., Sugano S. (2009) Design of Anthropomorphic Dexterous Hand with Passive Joints and Sensitive Soft Skins. IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII), 129–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ SI.2009. 5384542.
Kim EH., Lee SW., Lee YK. (2011) A Dexterous Robot Hand with a Bio-mimetic Mechanism. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 12, 227–235. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s12541-011-0031-x.
Wang L., DelPreto J., Bhattacharyya S., Weisz J., Allen P. K. (2011) A Highly-Underactuated Robotic Hand with Force and Joint Angle Sensors. Processing of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 1380–1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ IROS.2011.6095147.
