Proceedings of the National Aviation University. Series: Pedagogy, Psychology

PROFESIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE ENGINEERS AT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES AS A RELEVANT PEDAGOGICAL ISSUE

Сергій Алпатов — 2025-06-26

The article examines the professional training of future engineers at technical universities as a key pedagogical issue in today’s digital era. With rapid technological progress and digital transformation in education, the focus is on creating an effective educational and informational environment (EIE) that supports knowledge transfer, skill development, motivation for self-learning, critical thinking, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

The aim of the study is to define pedagogical conditions for the effective training of engineers in a digital context. The research highlights the role of EIE in shaping professional competence, essential skills, and readiness for continuous learning.

The study is based on systemic, competency-based, learner-centered, and activity-oriented approaches. It explores the theoretical foundations of EIE, its structure, functions, and didactic potential. The article also analyzes modern challenges in engineering education, conditions for competence development, and assessment methods.

Results. The research shows how innovative technologies shape the educational environment of technical universities and points to prospects for further implementation. Key attention is given to the regulatory framework, blended learning, project-based activities, interactive methods, and LMS platforms. The development of engineer competence must take place in a digital space that actively integrates modern tools.

The study concludes that effective engineer training requires a new understanding of the teacher’s role, digital environments, and educational models that support autonomy and lifelong learning.

HISTORICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL, COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF STEM EDUCATION

Лілія Батюк — 2025-06-26

The article examines the historical and pedagogical, comparative aspects of the emergence and development of STEM education and integration of STEM education into the educational environment of the USA and Ukraine at the level of schools, colleges and universities. The implementation of the study involved the implementation of a number of tasks: to characterize the source of origin and the state of the concept of STEM education; to reveal the conceptual foundations and genesis of the formation of STEM education in the educational environment of the USA and Ukraine; to outline the regulatory and content-procedural principles of STEM education in the USA and Ukrain; to find out the current state of STEM education in Ukraine and identify opportunities to use the progressive experience of US STEM education in Ukraine.

To solve the tasks set, documents, laws and regulatory materials were studied that determine the content of STEM education in the USA and Ukraine; archival materials and documents of the White House and the US Congress were studied; analysis and synthesis of search results in information sources were carried out. It is found that the US Federal, state and local governments, and the private sector, have taken on the responsibility of improving the educational environment by providing educators with the opportunity to receive STEM education, to participate in educational programs that are determined by the Government. STEM educational system curricula play a significant role for the United States, preparing students and teachers for careers in STEM, by increasing the global competitiveness of the United States.

The article provides useful context about the American STEM education system based on the research question; summarizes selected major laws that have influenced American STEM education.

The article outlines the structure of STEM comepetence and skills, which are increasingly combined with the promotion of interdisciplinary approaches to teaching and learning. The article describes the time periods, emergence and development of STEM education; gives examples of the use of STEM education at the international level, and was considered the possibilities of scientific, technical, engineering and mathematical education of citizens in the field of STEM. The history of the spread of STEM educational innovations in the education sector of Ukraine is examined.

ТЕЛЕМАТИЧНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЯКОСТІ ПІДГОТОВКИ ФАХІВЦІВ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ

Олексій Борець — 2025-06-26

An important task for higher education institutions preparing specialists in transportation management and logistics is to enhance the quality of educational services in the context of digitalization, European integration, and the globalization of the labor market. The implementation of modern educational technologies (EdTech) is becoming increasingly significant as they can ensure effective professional training and the competitiveness of graduates.

The main goal of this research is to analyze the possibilities of integrating digital technologies into the training of transport sector specialists, identify the factors influencing the quality of the educational process, and develop recommendations to improve the effectiveness of educational services. Special attention is paid to the use of telecommunication tools, cloud platforms, and distance and blended learning systems for all forms of the educational process.

The study employs a range of general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, classification, abstraction, induction, and deduction. These methods allow for an in-depth study of existing educational technologies and learning models, assessing their effectiveness and identifying areas for improvement in the training of transport sector specialists in the context of digital transformation.

As a result, it was found that the Ukrainian education system has significant potential due to its fundamental preparation, experience in working with international students, and accessibility. However, it requires updating teaching methods, actively implementing EdTech solutions, and modernizing the content of educational programs in line with international market requirements. The use of digital tools contributes to the enhancement of the educational process, the development of digital and management competencies.

In conclusion, we suggest that the integration of modern educational technologies, including distance learning platforms, multimedia content, and online communication tools, is a key condition for forming highly qualified specialists who can navigate the dynamic environment of the transport sector. This requires the regular updating of educational programs and methodologies to meet labor market demands.

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: CHALLENGES OF TODAY

Ірина Варава — 2025-06-26

Long-term socio-economic challenges are giving rise to new trends in interaction both in the field of providing psychological-pedagogical and socio-psychological services, and in the training of specialists by higher education institutions for professional activity. Social transformations bring to the fore pedagogical and professional principles of personnel training to strengthen the economic potential of the country and improve the capabilities of its human resource. Against this background, the concept of "professional development of a teacher, lecturer, lecturer" was formed. Researchers have already made significant efforts to determine the characteristics of this concept, identifying both new definitions and various deformations associated with it. The purpose of the research is to create a well-founded idea about the ways to satisfy public requests regarding the solution of current problems of pedagogical psychology. Our study also involves an analysis of the theoretical and practical foundations of modern approaches to the organization and goals of professional development of future specialists.

The methods of abstraction and reverse analysis made it possible to single out a number of actual problems, and the method of generalization offered their solutions.

There are also many other pressing issues, including:

Problems of inclusive education. There is a mismatch between the number of children with special needs and the readiness of educational institutions to provide them with proper education and support.
Problems of the expediency of educating children from the age of six. This issue is constantly being raised and new approaches to its solution are being found.
Problems of introducing ICT into the educational process of educational institutions.
Problems of introducing various innovative technologies in educational institutions.
Problems of organising effective psychological service in educational institutions.

Problems of improving the psychological competence of specialists in the field of education.

In this context of problems, psychological and pedagogical training as the basis of professional training of teachers and lecturers, which involves the development of communication skills and competencies in the field of human relations, is of particular importance. Modern problems of teacher education in Ukraine are a priority area for reforming the national education system.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF COACHING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM

Тетяна Дудка — 2025-06-26

The thematic and content segment of the article is built on revealing the prospects for using coaching technologies at the level of the modern professional education system – as a highly effective tool to increase the productivity level of teaching an adult target audience in academic conditions.

The research aims to carry out a theoretical and methodological projection of the studied phenomenology onto the canvas of the modern professional education system, considering the peculiarities of training an adult target audience.

During scientific research and reflection, attention was focused on the axiological, pedagogical, and praxeological fullness of the studied phenomenon, which actualizes its significance for developing the modern professional education system. The gradual impact of coaching technologies on the development of independence and initiative of the subjects of cognition in realizing their personal and resource potential at the level of a certain socially existing reality is summarized. Attention is focused on the rational phenomenological enrichment of the subject under study with certain principles, tools, and forms of personal support for the subject in the process of his active cognition. The latter is aimed at practically implementing original and socially significant ideas to constructively transform the existing reality into an environment for self-realization.

The research procedure actualized the need to use a specific set of methods, particularly analysis and generalization, classification and systematization, and modeling of the results obtained through research.

It is noted that with the above-mentioned coaching technology, the issue of maximum accumulation of internal and external resources at the personal level is actualized, which serves as an optimal balancer for the implementation of current tasks of the development of the subject of cognition.

The result of the study was the modeling of the phased implementation of coaching technologies in the actual conditions of the educational process, represented through the prism of the following stages: explication-motivational (disclosure of the key essence of the planned and actualization of the motivational sphere of the subject of knowledge); planning (rationalization of the process of distributing the available resource potential); activity (use of the necessary resource potential to achieve the set goal); reflective (correlation of the expected with the existing).

At the level of research conclusions, it is summarized that by actualizing the motivational sphere of the subject of cognition, an average teacher can more objectively and effectively activate all the available internal resource potential of the student to implement the planned and thereby increase the effectiveness of comprehensive personal development.

MODERN CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION: ETHICAL ASPECTS OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE THROUGH THE EYES OF STUDENTS

Тамара Михеєва — 2025-06-26

The article examines the ethical challenges that arise in the process of introducing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into the educational space, in particular through the eyes of students. The author analyzes the experience of using AI in the training of higher education students, with special attention paid to ethics, the development of practical skills and the impact of technology on the educational process. Based on the concept of the trajectory of AI integration into the educational environment, the key areas of its implementation in the educational process are identified, including personalization of learning, motivational support and development of meta-skills. Particular attention is paid to the legal aspects of the ethical use of AI, in particular, the problems of intellectual property protection and regulation of innovations.

The purpose of the article is to empirically investigate the ethical aspects of using artificial intelligence in education and science from the perspective of students. Objectives of the study: to analyze the experience of using AI in the training of higher education students; to analyze the model of the trajectory of integration of artificial intelligence into the educational environment; to consider the legal aspects of the ethical use of AI; to conduct an empirical study on the ethical aspects of using AI in education and science from the perspective of students. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: scientific analysis, systematization, generalization, comparison, and questionnaire. Results: the article analyses the experience of using AI in the training of higher education students and the model of the trajectory of artificial intelligence integration into the educational environment; considers the legal aspects of the ethical use of AI and conducts an empirical study on the ethical aspects of using AI in education and science from the perspective of students. Conclusions. The results of the empirical study showed a high level of integration of AI into students' learning activities, in particular for information retrieval, text editing, planning, or idea generation. At the same time, a number of ethical challenges have been identified: an unclear distinction between acceptable and unacceptable forms of AI use, the “shifting” of moral responsibility from the user to AI technologies, and a low level of legal awareness of copyright and academic integrity.

LANGUAGE EVOLUTION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL DIMENSION AS A KEY TO HUMAN COGNITION

Юлія Пришупа — 2025-06-26

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of language as both an evolutionary and sociocultural phenomenon that plays a fundamental role in shaping human cognitive activity. The author examines language not merely as a tool of communication but as a profound system for interpreting reality – one that integrates biological, mental, and cultural components. The article outlines core features of language, including semanticity, openness, cultural transmission, displacement, discreteness, prevarication, and reflexivity, all of which collectively enable language to structure knowledge, model representations of the world, and facilitate reflective thought. The link between linguistic reflexivity and the development of higher-order mental processes is explored, highlighting the unique role of language in the evolution of human consciousness.

Special attention is given to comparing the human linguistic system with communicative signals in animals, revealing fundamental distinctions between biologically pre-programmed systems and consciously regulated speech. The author argues that language evolved not only from physiological mechanisms – such as the anatomy of the larynx and vocal tract – but also as a sociocultural achievement shaped through learning, interaction, and the transmission of experience. The study emphasizes the formative role of cultural context in shaping linguistic worldviews and points to the cognitive flexibility that allows language to adapt to new meanings, contexts, and communicative demands. Thus, language is presented as the product of multidimensional development in which biological evolution, mental capacities, and sociocultural dynamics are inextricably intertwined in the formation of human cognition.

The purpose of the article is to provide a theoretical substantiation and analytical overview of human language as the basis of cognition, with special attention to its anatomical, cognitive and socio-cultural foundations. The tasks of the article are focused on identifying a set of key linguistic properties that determine the linguistic potential of language, as well as on substantiating the unbroken link between the development of language and the formation of human thinking.

Conclusion. The study concludes that language functions not merely as a medium of communication, but as a fundamental instrument for knowledge acquisition and conceptualization. Unlike animal signaling systems, human speech is marked by its flexibility, productivity, and intentional use, enabling the articulation of abstract meanings, the construction of complex utterances, the expression of volitional and emotional states, the development of scientific models, and reflection on one’s own linguistic activity. Given the sociocultural context in which linguistic ability emerges, the study emphasizes the significance of environment, tradition, and education as key factors shaping each community’s linguistic worldview. Additionally, the findings highlight the essential role of anatomical and neurophysiological conditions – such as breath control, articulatory mobility, and the capacity for voluntary speech – in the development of linguistic competence. Thus, language is presented as a multidimensional phenomenon in which biological evolution, mental processes, and sociocultural influences are intricately intertwined, collectively enabling the growth of human cognition, the structuring of thought, and the transmission of experiential knowledge, thereby fulfilling the stated objectives of the study.

FORMATION OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN FUTURE PHYSICAL THERAPISTS THROUGH AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

Ануш Сігова — 2025-06-26

The article addresses the problem of developing communicative competence in future physical therapists within the framework of interdisciplinary training. The purpose of the study is to identify effective pedagogical conditions and methodological strategies that promote the formation of communicative competence as an integral component of the professional training of physical therapy students. The objectives of the study include: analyzing theoretical foundations of communicative competence; studying the specifics of communication in the professional activities of physical therapists; evaluating existing interdisciplinary practices in higher education institutions; and identifying the didactic potential of interdisciplinary integration for improving communicative training. Research methods included theoretical analysis and synthesis, pedagogical observation, expert evaluation of educational programs, and analysis of students’ communicative behavior in simulated and real professional situations. The study reveals that the formation of communicative competence in future physical therapists requires systematic inclusion of interdisciplinary modules that combine knowledge from medicine, psychology, pedagogy, and social communication. The interdisciplinary approach contributes to deeper understanding of patient-centered communication, teamwork, and empathy. Based on the findings, practical recommendations are provided for the implementation of interdisciplinary strategies into physical therapy curricula in institutions of higher education.

BASICS OF PROFESSIONAL AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS IN THE USA

Олена Скіпальська — 2025-06-26

This paper explores the fundamentals of professional and communicative competence required for air traffic controllers (ATCOs). Purpose. The article examines the definitions provided by international aviation authorities, the essential elements that make up these competencies, the techniques used for their training and evaluation, and their overall effects on aviation safety and operational effectiveness. It also addresses the difficulties encountered in maintaining these standards and discusses upcoming developments influencing the skills and expertise needed by ATCOs. Methods. The document references definitions and standards from organizations like the International Civil Aviation Organizations (ICAO) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It also analyses various documents and publications related to air traffic control, training, and language proficiency. Results. The paper emphasizes that professional competence provides the fundamental knowledge and skills for air traffic control, while communicative competence enables ATCOs to apply this knowledge effectively in real-time interactions, ensuring the safety and efficiency of air travel. The ICAO’s framework and FAA’s requirements are discussed in details. Conclusion. The professional and communicative competence of air traffic controllers is essential for the safe and efficient flow of air traffic. Both competencies are developed through careful training and ongoing evaluation to ensure that ATCOs can effectively manage the difficulties of air traffic control and uphold safety.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES TO FORMING DIGITAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE PHILOLOGISTS IN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES IN UKRAINE AND UNIVERSITIES ABROAD

Анжеліка Кокарєва — 2025-06-26

The article presents the results of theoretical and empirical analysis of approaches to the development of digital competence among future philologists in technical universities in Ukraine and universities abroad. The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of integrating digital components into humanities-oriented educational programs under the conditions of digital transformation in education. The research includes the systematization of scholarly sources, educational standards, and regulatory documents, with a focus on the DigComp and DigCompEdu frameworks and their adaptation within the Ukrainian educational context. Particular attention is given to the content of digital modules in philological training programs, didactic principles of their implementation, and the role of instructors in the digitalization of the learning process. The empirical part of the study is based on content analysis of philology-related educational programs offered at Ukrainian technical universities (Ihor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, National Aerospace University "Kharkiv Aviation Institute", State University "Kyiv Aviation Institute" and leading European higher education institutions (University of Helsinki, TU Dresden, University of Warsaw). Results. The study reveals significant differences between the approaches: Ukrainian institutions tend to exhibit fragmented, sporadic, and elective-based digital instruction, lacking coherent digital learning trajectories. In contrast, European universities demonstrate systematic, interdisciplinary integration of digital competences into educational processes, incorporating digital platforms, tools, and research projects. The study also highlights disparities in instructors’ digital proficiency and the availability of institutional support for digital education initiatives. The conclusion emphasizes the need to update educational strategies in Ukraine by implementing comprehensive digital curricula, developing interdisciplinary programs, and enhancing educators’ digital qualifications in alignment with European standards.

FEATURES OF ANXIETY CORRECTION IN CHILDREN BY ART THERAPY

Олена Дацун — 2025-06-26

The article considers one of the actual scientific and practical problems of modern psychological science – overcoming anxiety in children by art therapy. For effectively self-realization in life, increased motivation for learning and the best show children’s social skills, it is necessary to reduce the level of their anxiety. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the development of an anxiety methods of correction of situational anxiety in children during military conflicts. Art therapy is effective method of psychological correction, which allows the child to express himself safety through creative (drawing, dance, applique, music, ect.). The purpose of the study: to develop a comprehensive program for the correction of anxiety in children by means of art therapy. The following research methods were used to solve the set tasks: analysis of scientific literature; logical-structural modeling for the development of a correctional program anxiety in children; analysis of products of activity of students at performance of the developed individual tasks. Results: based on the theoretical analysis of the scientific literature the peculiarities of the manifestation of anxiety for children. Anxiety diagnosis was performed using of a projective test «Family»; the method of monitoring emotional states in children; Methods for diagnosing the emotional state of children in lessons. For correction anxiety, the comprehensive program has been developed using art-therapeutic techniques: in particular, the method of dating «Tell us about your name», «Collage of random words», «My magic island», «Working with salt. Drawing a butterfly». The stages of correctional work and the principles of construction of a safe therapeutic environment for working with children are given. Conclusions: Art therapy is a safe method of helping children with high anxiety. The proposed art therapeutic methods can be recommended for the development of anxiety correction programs in children.

THE INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL BURNOUT ON CONFLICT BEHAVIOR STRATEGY SELECTION

Наталя Литвинчук — 2025-06-26

The article presents the results of an empirical study on emotional burnout as a factor influencing the choice of conflict behavior strategies in adolescence. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between emotional burnout and conflict behavior strategies.

To investigate the stated problem, the following methods were applied: V. Boyko’s method “Diagnosis of Emotional Burnout,” the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI), an original questionnaire titled “Determining a Person's Self-Perception in Conflict,” and methods of mathematical statistics, including Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results. According to the results obtained using the Thomas-Kilmann method, the most frequently chosen conflict strategy among respondents was competition (30%). Cooperation and accommodation were each chosen by 20% of participants, while avoidance and compromise were less common, each selected by 15%.

The results of the “Diagnosis of Emotional Burnout” method by V. Boyko showed that 32.5% of participants exhibited a fully developed emotional burnout syndrome, 47.5% were in the process of developing the syndrome, and 20% showed no signs of it.

Conclusions. The study revealed a relationship between emotional burnout and the choice of conflict behavior strategies. It was found that the competition strategy had a strong positive correlation with tension (0.603) and exhaustion (0.558), while cooperation showed a negative correlation (–0.220 and –0.105, respectively), indicating a decreased tendency to cooperate under increasing stress. Avoidance was also associated with high levels of tension (0.512) and exhaustion (0.466), while compromise showed moderate correlations (0.365 and 0.489). The accommodation strategy was weakly correlated with tension (–0.145), but showed a link with resistance (0.402), which promotes internal resistance and the suppression of personal needs, thereby exacerbating emotional exhaustion (–0.320).

EXPERIENCE OF SUMMARIZING STUDENTS' WORK WHEN STUDYING THE COURSE "METHODICAL AND THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF DEPTH PSYCHOLOGY" IN THE CONDITIONS OF ONLINE LEARNING ON A REFLECTIONAL BASIS

Валентина Семиченко — 2025-06-26

The article substantiates the relevance of finding ways to solve the problem of assessing students' academic performance in the process of online learning. The objective reasons that determine the introduction of online learning into the educational process of higher education, its positive and negative consequences are described. It is found that one of the challenges caused by this form of learning is the limitations of the traditional system of assessing the results of educational activity, which is associated with the inability of the teacher to control the independence of students in completing examination tasks. It is suggested that a promising direction for improving the methods of summing up students' academic work can be through the inclusion of reflective self-analysis procedures in the educational process, during which not only does the learning information become learned, but also the ability of students to comprehensively consider and analyze educational material and express their own views is formed. This is of particular importance in the professional training of future psychologists, as an important component of the process of forming the psychological foundations of their own professional worldview. The experience of developing and using reflective procedures in the educational process, the conditions for their implementation are analyzed.

Research methods are applied - theoretical (theoretical modeling, content and logical-structural analysis of curricula and textbooks, comparison, generalization) and experimental (observation, conversations, analysis of activity products, experiment) to identify the feasibility and determine ways to organize a system for assessing students' educational results.

The specificity of the course "Methodological and Theoretical Problems of Depth Psychology" is analyzed, its methodological significance for the training of future psychologists, its place in the structure of the initial process are revealed. Based on the analysis of existing plans and programs for its teaching, the normative content and general tasks (goal, scope of knowledge and skills, expected learning results) are determined. Based on the analysis, the set of reflective tasks performed during the semester and the basic examination task are determined. The implementation of these tasks involved a critical analysis of the leading theories of depth psychology, the historical and life conditions of their authors, which determined the formation of the corresponding theoretical positions, determining one's attitude to each theoretical system (questions with which the student agrees, questions with which he/she agrees). As an examination task, it is proposed to formulate one's own concept of the unconscious, analyze its consistency. Examples of students' performance of the corresponding tasks are provided.

The results of the study proved the feasibility and effectiveness of organizing the process of studying an experimental course and evaluating student activity in online learning conditions based on a reflective approach.

FACTORS OF FORMATION OF THE VALUE SYSTEM OF AN ADULT PERSONALITY

Олена Яригіна — 2025-06-26

Modern living conditions in Ukraine and the world require a high level of adaptation skills. One of the important tasks in such circumstances is the formation of reliable psychological supports, one of which may be the value system of the personality.

This article presents a study of the factors that influence the formation and development of the value system of the personality. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the factors of the development of the value system and their interconnections, as well as to determine the dynamics of the formation of value and moral orientations at different stages of personality development and to clarify their role in self-identification and the ability to make choices in changing life circumstances.

The study used interdisciplinary theoretical and analytical approaches that included research into psychological, pedagogical, and cultural aspects of personality development. Methods of logical-structural analysis of existing scientific data were applied, as well as systematization, comparison, and structuring of the identified influencing factors on the formation of the personality’s value orientations.

As a result of the study, the following influencing factors were identified: family upbringing, the experience of interpersonal interaction with other individuals in general and with significant adults or authoritative figures in particular, personal life experience, the level of need satisfaction, understanding the meaningfulness of social demands, the influence of the cultural and informational environment, and the level of personal subjectivity.

Looking in more detail, the dynamic and variable nature of the formation of the value system can be noted. Thus, in early childhood, the dominant influence is exerted by emotionally safe relationships in the family, which affect the personality's ability to successfully integrate the proposed societal norms. In school age, the role of interpersonal interaction and learning moral norms within the collective comes to the forefront. The adolescent period is characterized by the actualization of the choice of a reference group and its influence on the individual. At this stage, a significant rethinking of previously formed value orientations may occur.

At the stage of professional formation, critical thinking and the degree of integration between social and individual norms play an important role; various value and behavioral models are explored, and personal choice and moral regulation are implemented.

Later, the mature personality forms a stable yet flexible value system that reconciles personal choices with the socio-cultural context.

In conclusion, one can come to understand the value system as a dynamic structure that can constantly change under the influence of external and internal factors, while maintaining its supportive function and serving as an important element of self-awareness and personality adaptation to changing life conditions.