Science-based technologies

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING

Antonina Kustovska — 2025-10-09

Modern pharmaceutical manufacturing requires ongoing advancement of analytical quality control methods, which play a central role in ensuring the efficacy, safety, stability, and reproducibility of pharmaceutical products. The urgency of improving validation strategies stems from increasing demands by global regulatory agencies such as the FDA and EMA, as well as the need for compliance with GMP and ICH standards. In this context, innovative approaches to analytical method validation, particularly the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) and Process Analytical Technology (PAT), have emerged as vital tools for systematic and science-driven development of robust methods. The article formulates the problem of enhancing traditional validation frameworks that rely heavily on empirical practices and often neglect the identification and control of critical method attributes (CMA) and critical process parameters (CPP). As a solution, the adoption of Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology is proposed to support the construction of a method design space, optimization of analytical conditions, and assessment of the influence of multiple variables. The article analyzes real-world examples of successful QbD, PAT, and DoE application in the validation of methods used in pharmaceutical substance manufacturing and finished dosage forms. It demonstrates how mathematical modeling and response surface methodology (RS) can be applied to visualize relationships between variables and determine ideal analytical settings. The conclusions highlight the strategic advantages of incorporating innovative validation approaches, including improved method robustness, reliability, and alignment with modern regulatory expectations. The findings serve as a valuable contribution to the development of more effective quality assurance systems in pharmaceutical enterprises, particularly within evolving regulatory and technological landscapes.

ON THE IMPACT OF THE AIRCRAFT’S AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS ON THE FLIGHT OPERATIONS SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY

Oleksandr Bondik — 2025-10-09

The aircraft’s aerodynamic characteristics play a crucial role in determining of the Airline’s flight operations safety and efficiently. The impact of the aircraft’s aerodynamic characteristics onto the flight operations efficiency can result in higher fuel consumption, reduced range, reduced endurance, and higher operational costs. Regarding this, aircraft manufacturers need to continually improve aircraft’s characteristics to increase future Airline’s flight operations efficiency. This work focuses on the impact of the aircraft’s aerodynamic characteristics onto the overall effectiveness of flight operations and how can this impact be avoided. The purpose of this article is to present a new assessment approach of the impact of aircraft’s aerodynamic characteristics onto the flight operations efficiency. Methods: The article describes the runtime method which increase the Airlines flight operations efficiency regarding the aircraft’s aerodynamic characteristics. Results: An analytical model of the impact of aircraft’s aerodynamic characteristics onto the flight operations efficiency. Discussion: The proposed new approach will allow to increase the Airlines flight operations effectiveness regarding the aircraft’s aerodynamic characteristics. Future research will explore new models that will increase flight operations safety and efficiency regarding the aircraft’s aerodynamic characteristics.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANAGEMENT OF WATER TRANSPORT VEHICLES THROUGH THE USE OF THERMOSTABLE EPOXY COMPOSITES

Andrii Buketov — 2025-10-09

Polymer composite materials are widely used in water transport in the form of corrosion- and wear-resistant composites. At the same time, scientists are currently conducting a range of research to create materials with improved properties, including thermal properties. The filling of the epoxy matrix with modifying additives is of current interest. The latter are usually physically and chemically active to interact with the macromolecules of epoxy resin, which allows for the creation of a strongly cross-linked structure of a homogeneous system during polymerization.

It was believed that the use of 2,4-diaminoazobenzene-4'-carboxylic acid as a modifying additive was promising. Such an additive is characterized by the presence of active groups that can interact with epoxy resin chains at the micro level during the structure formation of materials. This factor ensures the improvement of the thermophysical properties of the developed materials for water transport.

In this work, the optimal concentration of the modifier in epoxy resin was determined according to the criteria of thermal characteristics. It has been established that to obtain a composite material with improved thermal properties, it is necessary to add the modifying additive 2,4-diaminoazobenzene-4'-carboxylic acid at a concentration of 0.5-1.5% to the epoxy polymer in the presence of 100% of the epoxy oligomer. This ensures an increase in heat resistance compared to the unfilled epoxy matrix from 342 K to 357-359 K, and the glass transition temperature from 328 K to 344-347 K. It is substantiated that this is due to the intensification of relaxation processes in the developed materials. Also, due to the presence of a modifying additive in the polymer, new chemical and physical bonds between the structural elements of the composite ingredients are formed per unit volume of materials.

METHODOLOGY FOR USING AN ENSEMBLE CLASSIFIER TO OPTIMIZE THE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM

Andriy Kulko — 2025-10-09

In this article, we will look at how ensemble classifiers can significantly improve the performance of intrusion detection systems (IDS), especially in critical infrastructure environments. Due to the increasing complexity of cyberattacks, traditional protection methods are often ineffective, which jeopardizes the smooth operation of important facilities. We propose an approach that combines the results of several separate classifiers to improve threat detection accuracy and reduce the number of false positives. Various methods for creating such ensembles and their application for analyzing network traffic characteristic of critical infrastructure are being investigated. The effectiveness of these models is evaluated on data sets, demonstrating their ability to accurately identify anomalies and known types of attacks, thereby strengthening cyber resilience. Modern intrusion detection systems (IDS) must be adapted to monitor new frameworks that help distinguish and analyze system attacks.

As part of our approach, we explore various combinations of classifiers such as Bayesian Network, Naïve Bayes, JRip, MLP, IBK PART, and J48. In addition, two data preprocessing methods — normalization and discretization — will be applied to each combination. The main advantage of this approach is its ability to detect most attacks with high accuracy by optimally combining the ensemble method with the correct preprocessing technique. This will allow for the effective identification of any type of network threat. Experimental studies show that this approach significantly improves the

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF INFORMATION SIGNS OF FRACTAL TRAFFIC

Alina Savchenko — 2025-10-09

The problem of increasing the stability of critical information infrastructure systems under conditions of dynamic evolution of risk factors (as a rule, with statistical uncertainty) is based on the background of policies and management models. Managing the stability of critical network infrastructure is impossible without selecting and substantiating quantitative information characteristics of signal traffic. The task becomes non-trivial for heterogeneous signal traffic, which acquires self-similar (fractal) properties. The article considers information flows of signal traffic circulating in Triple Play and Quadruple Play wireless networks of critical application. Experimental studies of sufficient volume have been conducted, based on the results of which the most valuable information features of fractal traffic have been selected and substantiated. Indicators of information value are periodic and quasi-periodic intensity spikes inherent in fractal traffic with Hurst parameters that vary in a certain range of values. It is shown that quasi-periodic intensity spikes are sources of hidden periodicities, a comparative analysis of methods for detecting hidden periodicities is carried out, and statistical characteristics of the normalized range method (R/S analysis method) as one of the effective practical methods are provided.

OVERVIEW OF IDS CAPABILITIES FOR NETWORK TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

Vadym Storozenko — 2025-10-09

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) play a key role in modern cybersecurity by detecting and preventing unauthorized access and malicious activities within computer networks. IDS solutions operate at both the network level (NIDS) and the host level (HIDS), analyzing network traffic, event logs, and system behavior to identify potential threats.

This study examines existing IDS technologies, including signature-based, anomaly-based, and hybrid approaches to threat detection. A comparative analysis was conducted on widely used IDS solutions such as Zeek, Snort, Suricata, Security Onion, Wazuh, Cisco Secure IDS, and IBM QRadar.The research underscores the effectiveness of different IDS models in detecting cyber threats while addressing challenges, such as false positives, scalability, and adaptation to emerging attack patterns. It also discusses the importance of integrating IDS with other security measures to enhance threat detection and incident response capabilities.

ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR ENHANCING SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Maksim Gariachiy — 2025-10-09

This article is devoted to the study of the physical properties of deterministic, chaotic, and stochastic signals used in modern information systems with the aim of enhancing their spectral efficiency. Special attention is given to chaotic and stochastic signals, which, due to their unique structures, ensure a high level of information security. However, they require further development to achieve optimal utilization of the frequency spectrum.

The study addresses a pressing issue in communication systems: the need to balance high spectral efficiency with robust data protection and interference resilience. Deterministic signals, such as harmonic signals, traditionally used in narrowband systems, are characterized by simplicity and predictability but suffer from low spectral efficiency and poor resistance to interference. In contrast, chaotic and stochastic signals exhibit significant advantages in terms of security and interference immunity but require advanced signal processing techniques to overcome challenges associated with their wide spectral bandwidth and energy consumption.

The research methodology integrates mathematical modeling and signal analysis. Traditional approaches, such as Fourier transformation, wavelet transformation, and Hilbert transformation, are compared with innovative techniques, including Volterra series and Karhunen–Loève transformation. The comparative analysis is based on evaluating spectral efficiency, interference resilience, and the energy requirements of different signal types.

The results demonstrate that chaotic signals outperform deterministic and stochastic signals in terms of spectral efficiency across broader frequency ranges. However, chaotic signals require more sophisticated processing methods to ensure their stability and reliability in modern communication systems. Stochastic signals, while offering superior interference resistance and information security, exhibit lower spectral efficiency due to their broad frequency spectrum and uneven energy distribution.

Innovative approaches, such as Volterra series and Karhunen–Loève transformation, significantly improve the spectral efficiency of chaotic and stochastic signals by reducing redundancy and optimizing frequency utilization. These findings highlight the need for integrating advanced signal processing methods into information systems to enhance their performance and reliability.

The study's results have practical implications for the development of advanced communication systems, such as cellular networks, the Internet of Things, and satellite communication systems, where high data confidentiality and efficient spectrum usage are critical.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR DETECTION OF LOW-OBSERVATION TARGETS

Оleksandr Bilyk — 2025-10-09

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of methods for detecting low-observation unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using SDR (Software Defined Radio) technologies. Given the growing threats associated with the use of small-sized and low-power UAVs for reconnaissance and sabotage purposes, special attention is focused on methods of passive radio frequency monitoring and detection of weak signals in a complex spectral environment. The paper presents a detailed analysis of modern approaches to UAV detection using classical RF monitoring systems and their limitations, in particular, sensitivity to short-term and low-power signals, as well as processing delays and low adaptability.

The use of SDR is proposed as a flexible platform for building adaptive UAV detection systems that combine spectral analysis, machine learning and digital signal processing algorithms. The article contains a mathematical detection model that takes into account the factors of signal energy distribution, noise, spectrum width and multipath. The results of practical experiments with SDR detector models in various environmental conditions are presented, which confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of reliability, detection delay and resource consumption.

The obtained conclusions demonstrate the feasibility of further implementation of SDR-oriented methods in critical infrastructure protection systems, as well as the creation of mobile complexes for autonomous monitoring of airspace in conditions of limited computing resources. The results of the work have applied significance for the defense forces, civil security and technical support of facilities with increased requirements for early detection of air threats.

MODEL OF INTERACTION OF THE NETWORK CONTROL PLANE SDN WITH NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO THE TMN CONCEPT

Heorhii Konakhovych — 2025-10-09

To increase the efficiency of network operation, fully automate management, administration and technological maintenance processes, reduce the time to market for modern services, ensure the introduction of new technologies throughout the network, rather than their phased implementation at individual facilities, operators are beginning to widely use the technology of network resource virtualization. This approach is a distinctive feature of software-defined networking (SDN). The optimality of decisions made in such a network largely depends on the capabilities of the control plane in the SDN architecture. It should be noted that SDN networks will continue to operate for a long time in the environment of traditional networks, which telecom operators will use for several decades. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the interaction of SDN networks with networks that use management systems based on the TMN concept. Here, the main control element is the OSS (Operation support system) block. In addition, it should be possible to include a human operator in the control loop, who will participate in solving poorly structured network management tasks that cannot be automated.

The most difficult issues arise when solving the issues of ensuring the interaction of the SDN controller and control systems built on the basis of the TMN concept. Therefore, the paper details the architecture of the SDN control plane with consideration of the necessary elements that ensure interaction with control systems built using the TMN concept. A list of the necessary functional blocks in the architecture of the SDN controller, a list of tasks that they must solve, and their connections with other blocks are proposed. The elements that will ensure the collection of the necessary information that can be used as input data for solving management tasks are considered. The directions of formalization of management tasks are analyzed, using the indicators of telecommunication networks functioning as initial data. The requirements for a monitoring system for collecting the necessary initial data and an approximate algorithm for the interaction of elements to obtain optimal solutions in the process of network management are proposed.

IMPLEMENTATION OF IP-TECHNOLOGIES IN THE AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK OF UKRAINE

Heorhii Konakhovych — 2025-10-09

This article presents a comprehensive study of the technical and regulatory standards of the international organizations ICAO and EUROCAE in the context of modernization of aviation telecommunications equipment in Ukraine through the implementation of the ATN/IPS converged aviation telecommunications network architecture. The expediency of replacing outdated TDM networks with modern IP technologies, in particular, in terms of organizing voice communication for air traffic control based on VoIP technology, is substantiated. The requirements for the use of protocols at the key layers of the OSI model are analyzed: IPv6, TCP/UDP, IPsec, IKE2, SIP, RTP and recommendations for the quality of service. The rationale for choosing network equipment parameters in terms of minimizing packet transmission delays over IP networks in order to ensure compliance with the regulatory indicators required for the stable operation of air traffic control systems is provided. The permissible levels of jitter, packet loss, as well as the limit values of MOS and delays of payload and control signals are determined. The total delay of voice traffic transmission is calculated, taking into account encryption, buffering and the use of audio codecs in terms of ensuring the required voice quality based on the E-model. A mathematical approach is proposed to calculate the forecasting of the load on the telecommunication network of aviation telecommunications in Ukraine, based on the analysis of passenger flows between regional airports of Ukraine using a discrete Markov system. The results obtained will help to increase the efficiency of the implementation of IP technologies in aviation networks and the implementation of their modernization programs after the end of the war and the opening of Ukrainian airspace.

A METHOD FOR OPTIMIZING THE BASIC WAVELET FUNCTION BY THE CRITERION OF MINIMIZING THE ERROR OF APPROXIMATION OF SPEECH SIGNALS

Oleksandr Lavrynenko — 2025-10-09

The paper presents a developed method for selecting adaptive wavelet features for speech signal recognition based on optimizing the base wavelet function by the criterion of minimizing the approximation error. To build the base wavelet function, it was proposed to use a genetic algorithm, in which the accuracy of speech signal classification by the support vector method is the objective function. The main advantage of the constructed adaptive wavelet function using the proposed method is the fact that it takes into account the dynamics of the speech signal throughout time, since a wavelet function is built at each scale that depends on the entire signal and contains information about all its changes, which directly affects the improvement of the resolution of wavelet features of speech recognition. The analysis of speech signals by the proposed method will consist of the following steps: 1) determination of the speech signal metaclass; 2) selection of the optimal pair “adaptive wavelet function - classifier”; 3) wavelet analysis of the speech signal using the constructed adaptive wavelet function; 4) final classification of adaptive wavelet features for speech signal recognition. It is shown that the use of the basic wavelet functions generated on the basis of the presented method for the selection of adaptive wavelet features for speech signal recognition allows to obtain a steady increase in classification accuracy. In particular, in comparison with the mel-frequency capstral coefficients, the accuracy improvement ranges from 4.1 to 8.3 % for different phonemes of the Ukrainian language. It has been shown that the convolved adaptive wavelet function has the property of preserving information about dynamic processes in the speech signal, and, as a result, the dimensionality of adaptive wavelet recognition features is reduced by 1.5 times without loss of classification accuracy. It is shown that the use of the proposed method allows achieving better speech phoneme classification characteristics than using the classical analysis based on mel-frequency cepstral coefficients by a factor of 1.4.

CORRELATION RADIO RANGEFINDER WITH NOISE-LIKE MODULATION OF THE SOUNDING SIGNAL

Igor Prokopenko — 2025-10-09

The article considers the correlation radar method of measuring the distance. It is noted that the development and research of new high-precision methods of measuring the distance is an urgent task, since modern aviation navigation and automatic flight control systems require accurate data on the height and distance to objects. Minimizing errors in measuring the distance, especially at low altitudes, is key to safe and accurate landing of aircraft, since even minor errors can lead to accidents. Increasing the accuracy of measurements not only reduces the risk of incorrect distance estimates, but also significantly increases flight safety. Measuring the distance in real conditions is complicated by the influence of obstacles and noise. Accurate measurements help compensate for these negative effects, ensuring correct recognition of objects and distances to them even under adverse conditions. In addition, increasing accuracy expands automation capabilities, reduces the impact of the human factor, and allows the use of modern data processing methods, the effectiveness of which is sensitive to the accuracy of the initial data. The basic principles of radio rangefinders are considered, namely measuring the range and speed of objects using radio waves. The calculation of the range is reduced to determining the time delay between the moment of emission of the sounding signal and the moment of reception of the signal reflected from the object. The calculation of the speed is reduced to determining the Doppler frequency shift.

The article describes the main methods of measuring the distance, namely: pulse, phase and frequency. The pulse method is based on measuring the delay time of the reflected pulse. The phase method is based on determining the distance by the phase difference of the emitted and reflected signals. The basis of the frequency method is the use of periodic frequency modulation and determining the signal frequency gain. Structural schemes that implement these methods are considered. Their principles of operation are described by mathematical formulas and graphs, and significant shortcomings inherent in the considered methods are noted. In order to increase the accuracy of range measurement, a range measurement method based on correlation processing of a broadband signal with noise-like modulation is proposed. A structural diagram of a radio rangefinder that implements this method is presented. Using mathematical formulas and function graphs, the principle of operation of the scheme is considered in detail. In addition, the article notes that using the presented scheme, it is also possible to calculate the speed of the observed object. The corresponding formulas and calculations are given. The article proves that the introduction of the correlation method into range measurement complexes allows to significantly increase their accuracy and resolution.

A REVIEW OF CHALLANGES IN EFFICIENT UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC COMMINICATION

Anton Yanushevskyi — 2025-10-09

The article investigates the current state, technological solutions, and pressing issues of digital underwater acoustic communication (UAC), which is gaining increasing importance due to the development of marine resource extraction, the use of autonomous and remotely operated underwater vehicles, underwater drones, monitoring systems, and the construction of the "underwater Internet of Things." The introductory part of the article analyzes modern underwater communication methods — electromagnetic, optical, and acoustic — and highlights their limitations: electromagnetic communication underwater is limited to about 10 meters due to strong attenuation; optical communication has narrow directivity and is constrained by water transparency, typically reaching up to 100 meters; whereas acoustic communication remains the only suitable and universal means of communication over distances ranging from hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers. The main part of the article focuses on the characteristics of the acoustic channel in shallow water areas (up to 200 m depth), which are particularly important considering industrial and security activities. Issues such as multipath propagation, Doppler effects, geometric and energy range limitations, and factors restricting data transmission rates are discussed. A comparison of the efficiency of different underwater acoustic communication methods is provided. The conclusions emphasize that over recent decades underwater acoustic communication technologies have achieved data transmission rates up to 48 kbps at distances around 2 km with spectral efficiency up to 4 bits/s/Hz. Improvements in spectral efficiency have been achieved through the implementation of modern technologies such as OFDM, MIMO, and high-order modulation schemes (8-PSK, 16-QAM). At the same time, the limited frequency resource and complex underwater environment restricts further growth in data transmission speeds.

The authors identify key challenges for underwater acoustic communication — multipath propagation, Doppler shifts, and spectral spreading — which complicate the stability and reliability of communication. Directions for further research are proposed, including detail analysis of Doppler spreading features, the use of spatially separated antennas for small size underwater vehicles, synthesized beamforming patterns, and adaptive modulation and coding to maximize data rate and communication quality in complex and varying underwater environmental conditions, as well as the use of high-frequency bands to increase system throughput.

The practical value of the work lies in the in-depth analysis of existing solutions, identifying their advantages and disadvantages, and forming recommendations to enhance the efficiency and reliability of UAC systems in changing underwater environments. The article also highlights the problem of the lack of industry standardization (except for the JANUS protocol), which complicates interoperability among heterogeneous systems, especially in coastal zones with numerous users. The article offers a classification of underwater object interaction scenarios, provides a comparative analysis of environmental impacts on UAC systems, and outlines promising directions for further development of effective and reliable underwater acoustic communication systems.